Formulation and physicochemical evaluation of a lotion containing Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) and Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) Essential Oils as a Natural Mosquito Repellent

Penulis

  • Mega Efrilia Pharmacy Study Program, IKIFA College Of Health Sciences, East Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Jakarta, 13470, Indonesia
  • Eriawan Rismana Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine National Research and Innovation Agency, Tangerang, West Java, Indonesia
  • Pra Panca Bayu Chandra Pharmacy Study Program, IKIFA College Of Health Sciences, East Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Jakarta, 13470, Indonesia
  • Ayu Amelia Putri Pharmacy Study Program, IKIFA College Of Health Sciences, East Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Jakarta, 13470, Indonesia
  • Pristiyantoro Pristiyantoro Pharmacy Study Program, IKIFA College Of Health Sciences, East Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Jakarta, 13470, Indonesia
  • Suhendra Suhendra Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Ringroad Selatan, Banguntapan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55191, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v24i2.2031

Kata Kunci:

Cinnamomum burmannii, essential oils, mosquito, patchouli oil, sustainable repellent

Abstrak

Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major public health concern in tropical regions, necessitating safer and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic repellents. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a natural mosquito-repellent lotion containing (Cinnamomum burmannii and Pogostemon cablin essential oils. A completely randomized experimental design was applied using four formulations (F0–F3) with varying concentrations of cinnamon oil (15–25%) and a fixed concentration of patchouli oil (7%). Physicochemical properties, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and stability, were evaluated, and repellent activity against Aedes aegypti was assessed using an arm-in-cage method. All measurements were conducted in triplicate and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that all formulations met acceptable cosmetic standards, with pH values ranging from 5.8 to 7.92, viscosity between 7.560–12.420 cP, spreadability of 5.2–7.1 cm, and adhesion time of 5.0–12 s, while maintaining stable emulsion characteristics. Repellent efficacy increased with oil concentration, with the optimal formulation (F3: 25% cinnamon + 7% patchouli) achieving 80% protection, approaching the DEET control (90%). These findings indicate that the combination of cinnamon and patchouli essential oils has strong potential as a natural, safe, and sustainable mosquito repellent. The formulation was optimized based on physicochemical stability and repellent activity. Further optimization using advanced delivery systems, such as nanoencapsulation, is recommended to improve efficacy and durability.

Referensi

[1] M. Azeem T. Zaman, M. Tahir, A. Haris, Z. Iqbal, M. Binyameen, A. Nazir, S. Ali Shad, S. Majeed, R. Mozūraiti, “Chemical composition and repellent activity of native plants essential oils against dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 140, p. 111609, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.INDCROP.2019.111609.

[2] H. A. Luker, K. R. Salas, D. Esmaeili, F. O. Holguin, H. Bendzus-Mendoza, and I. A. Hansen, “Repellent efficacy of 20 essential oils on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Ixodes scapularis ticks in contact-repellency assays,” Sci Rep, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1038/S41598-023-28820-9;SUBJMETA.

[3] F. Handiny, G. Rahma, and N. P. Rizyana, Buku Ajar Pengendalian Vektor, 1st ed. Malang: Ahlimedia Press, 2020. Accessed: Sep. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://perpustakaan.respati.ac.id/dokumen/lampiran_ebook/2020_BUKU%20AJAR%20PENGENDALIAN%20VEKTOR%20(Ns.%20Febry%20Handiny,%20M.KM.,%20Gusni%20Rahma,%20S.K.M.%20etc.)%20(z-lib.org).pdf

[4] D. Usai and A. Di Sotto, “Toxicity and environmental impact of synthetic mosquito repellents: An updated review,” Environ Res, vol. 221, pp. 115–215, 2023.

[5] A. Nowak, M. Dzięgelewska, and A. Milewska, “Toxicological evaluation of DEET exposure in cosmetic applications,” Toxicol Rep, vol. 12, pp. 156–165, 2025.

[6] W. Wu et al., “Study of the Repellent Activity of 60 Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents against Aedes albopictus, and Nano-Formulation Development,” Insects, vol. 13, no. 12, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/INSECTS13121077.

[7] D. Runadi, S. Sriwidodo, and S. Ridwan, “Aktivitas dan Formulasi Repelen Losio Ekstrak Etanol Limbah Hasil Penyulingan Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Terhadap Nyamuk Aedes aegypti,” Farmaka, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 26–40, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.24198/JF.V14I2.9288.

[8] E. Yunira, T. Tutik, and S. Marcellia, “Uji Efikasi Repelan Terhadap Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti Sediaan Losio Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) dengan Metode Ekstraksi Sokletasi Dan Refluks,” Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi Indonesia, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 115, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.58327/JSTFI.V11I2.198.

[9] A. W. Suleman, “Perbandingan Efektivitas Sediaan Spray Anti Nyamuk Kombinasi Minyak Marigold (Tagetes erecta) dengan Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Terhadap Nyamuk Aedes aegpyti,” Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 152–160, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.29313/JIFF.V5I2.8830.

[10] N. L. M. Y. I. Yanti, N. L. Arpiwi, and D. A. Yulihastuti, “Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum × africanum Lour.) dan Efektivitasnya Sebagai Lotion Antinyamuk terhadap Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762),” Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 105, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.24843/METAMORFOSA.2020.V07.I02.P14.

[11] D. A. Sari, Y. Ambari, A. W. Ningsih, and D. Rahmawati, “Uji Stabilitas Fisik Lotion Anti Nyamuk Kombinasi Minyak Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) dan Minyak Rosemary (Rormarinus officinalis),” JIIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 98–107, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.36387/JIIS.V8I3.1680.

[12] F. Aryani, I. W. Kusuma, Y. Meliana, N. M. Sari, and H. Kuspradini, “Potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ten essential oils from East Kalimantan, Indonesia,” Biodiversitas, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 665–672, 2023, doi: 10.13057/BIODIV/D240175.

[13] J. Linz, R. Kramer, and S. Meier, “Antimicrobial and physicochemical characterization of plant-based essential oil formulations,” Antibiotics, vol. 12, no. 557, pp. 1–15, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050557.

[14] A. M. Rondon, R. Esteves, and P. Da Silva, “Diversity and morpho-chemo correlations of Cinnamomum verum bark oil: Bioactive implications,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 167–178, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeor.2024.02.008.

[15] Y. Chang, H. Kim, and J. Park, “Formulation and antioxidant stability of herbal-based emulsions containing essential oils,” Food Chem, vol. 389, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132948.

[16] L. Zhang and W. Li, “Interaction mechanisms of terpenoid-based bio-repellents: Insights from olfactory receptor modeling,” Pestic Biochem Physiol, vol. 193, pp. 105–495, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105495.

[17] N. P. Nirmal, S. Raj, and S. Dananjaya, “Evaluation of stability and solubility of cinnamon oil nanoemulsions,” LWT - Food Science and Technology, vol. 172, pp. 114–216, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114216.

[18] M. Dzięgelewska, A. Nowak, and A. Milewska, “Formulation properties and terpenoid stability of natural essential oil nanoemulsions,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 238, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.113656.

[19] M. Silalahi, “Botani, Manfaat, dan Bioaktivitas Nilam Pogostemon cablin,” Jurnal Pendidikan, Matematika dan sains, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29–40, Jul. 2019, Accessed: Sep. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: http://repository.uki.ac.id/id/eprint/811

[20] L. Mora, “Kombinasi Minyak Atsiri Kulit Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum Burmannii), Sereh (Cymbopogon Citratus) dan Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon Cablin) Sebagai Pengikat Lilin Aromaterapi,” Universitas Aufa Royhan, Padangsidimpuan, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.51771/fj.v4i2.915.

[21] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia Minyak Kulit Kayu Manis. Rapat Konsensus Nasional, 2005, pp. 1–13. Accessed: Sep. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://id.scribd.com/document/402623887/SNI-06-3734-2006-Minyak-Kulit-Kayu-Manis-pdf

[22] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia Minyak Nilam. 2006. Accessed: Sep. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://id.scribd.com/doc/55458425/SNI-06-2385-2006-Minyak-nilam

[23] C. H. Lee, S. Park, and Y. S. Han, “Antimicrobial and physicochemical characterization of plant-based essential oil formulations,” LWT - Food Science and Technology, vol. 161, pp. 113–290, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113290.

[24] A. S. Mutia, J. Jumain, and A. Arisanty, “Formulation and Stability Test of Physical Quality of Lotion Preparations from Moringa Oleifera L. Leaf Extract with Various Concentrations of Emulsifier TEA,” Indonesian Health Journal , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8–15, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.58344/IHJ.V2I1.24.

[25] A. P. Rahman, L. Liana, and S. H, “Antioxidant Face Cream Formulation of Ethanol Extract from Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L),” Berkala Ilmiah Kimia Farmasi, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.20473/BIKFAR.V9I1.40889.

[26] N. A. Thomas, A. M. A. Suryadi, M. S. Latif, A. H. Hutuba, and S. Susanti, “Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Krim Pelembab Ekstrak Rumput Laut (Eucheuma cottonii),” Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 2775–3670, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.37311/IJPE.V4I1.20522.

[27] E. Zulfa and M. Mufrod, “Evaluasi Karakteristik Fisika-Kimia Sediaan Krim dan Lotion Ekstrak Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus L.Merr),” JIFFK : Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 41, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.31942/JIFFK.V15I2.2565.

[28] I. B. B. Baskara, L. Suhendra, and L. P. Wrasiati, “Pengaruh Suhu Pencampuran dan Lama Pengadukan terhadap Karakteristik Sediaan Krim,” Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 200, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.24843/JRMA.2020.V08.I02.P05.

[29] D. T. Utami and D. A. M. Sari, “Pengaruh Variasi Minyak Daun Jeruk Purut Terhadap Sediaan Lotion Mengandung Gelatin Tulang Ayam dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus,” Journal of Applied Agriculture, Health, and Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–11, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.20961/JAHT.V1I2.426.

[30] M. O. K. Azad, M. M. Rahman, and T. Nishizu, “Comparative analysis of Cinnamomum verum oil composition and stability in food-grade emulsions,” J Agric Food Res, vol. 15, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100876

Unduhan

Diterbitkan

2026-08-31

Terbitan

Vol 24 No 2 (2026): JIFI In Press

Bagian

Articles

Lisensi

Hak Cipta (c) 2026 JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA

Creative Commons License

Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Licencing
All articles in Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia are an open-access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted non-commercial used, distribution and reproduction in any medium.

This licence applies to Author(s) and Public Reader means that the users mays :

  • SHARE:
    copy and redistribute the article in any medium or format
  • ADAPT:
    remix, transform, and build upon the article (eg.: to produce a new research work and, possibly, a new publication)
  • ALIKE:
    If you remix, transform, or build upon the article, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
  • NO ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS:
    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

It does however mean that when you use it you must:

  • ATTRIBUTION: You must give appropriate credit to both the Author(s) and the journal, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

You may not:

  • NONCOMMERCIAL: You may not use the article for commercial purposes.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.